Introduction

Monad is a high-performance Ethereum-compatible L1. Monad materially advances the efficient frontier in the tradeoff between decentralization and scalability.

Monad introduces optimizations in four major areas, resulting in a blockchain with throughput of 10,000 transactions per second (tps):

• MonadBFT
• Deferred Execution
• Parallel Execution
• MonadDb

Monad's improvements address existing bottlenecks while preserving seamless compatibility for application developers (full EVM bytecode compatibility) and users (Ethereum RPC API compatibility). As a result, the rich landscape of Ethereum tooling and applied cryptography research can plug seamlessly into Monad while benefiting from improved throughput and scale:

• applications (any dapp built for Ethereum)
• developer tooling (e.g. Hardhat, Apeworx, Foundry)
• wallets (e.g. Phantom, MetaMask)
• analytics/indexing (e.g. Etherscan, Dune)

The Monad client is built with a focus on performance and is written from scratch in C++ and Rust. The subsequent pages survey the major changes in Monad as well as the interface for users.